In addition, we built similar predictive models of yield and seed protein to assess the association of RAU and these plant traits. The predictive model for RAU showed relative mean square error (RRMSE) of 4.5% and an R 2 value of 0.69, estimated via cross-validation. Soybean N-fixation ranged from 60 to 98% across locations and years ( n = 95). The most relevant RAU predictors were N fertilization, atmospheric vapor pressure deficit (VPD) and precipitation during early reproductive growth (R1-R4 stages), sowing date, drought stress during seed filling (R5-R6), soil cation exchange capacity (CEC), and soil sulfate concentration before sowing. We selected the most important factors associated with the relative abundance of ureides (RAU) as an indicator of the fraction of N derived from N-fixation. Using the elastic net regularization of multiple linear regression, we analyzed 40 environmental factors related to weather, soil, and crop management. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the relevance of environmental factors driving N-fixation and to develop predictive models defining the role of N-fixation for improved productivity and increased seed protein concentration. Biological nitrogen (N)-fixation is the most important source of N for soybean, with considerable implications for sustainable intensification.
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